An option’s implied volatility is a measure of the option’s expected price fluctuation. It is a forward-looking, market-based estimate of volatility and is determined by the market price of the option. Implied volatility is a key ingredient in options pricing models such as the Black-Scholes model. It can be used …

Data science and machine learning have made great progress in the past few years. They are being applied successfully in many areas such as computer vision, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. In the financial market, however, there are still many uncertainties and risks that the new technology cannot predict. …

Behavioural finance is the study of how financial behaviour affects economic decisions and market outcomes, and how those decisions and outcomes are affected by psychological, social, and cultural factors. It is a relatively new field that combines elements of economics, psychology, and sociology. Behavioural finance research has shown that people …

The generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is an econometric model for analyzing stock market volatility. The GARCH model is used to estimate the variance of a return, using past returns as an input into a model. It is a popular tool for measuring risk in financial markets, as it …

Genetic algorithm (GA) is a search heuristic that is inspired by Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection. This algorithm mimics the process of natural selection in order to find optimal solutions to a given problem. GA has been used in various fields such as engineering, economics, and finance. In the …

In the financial world, time series analysis is frequently used to predict stock prices, interest rates, and currency exchange rates. Econometric models are a type of time series analysis that uses historical data to forecast future asset prices and volatilities. Reference applied the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model …

Dispersion trading is an investment strategy that is used to capitalize on the discrepancies in volatilities between an index and its constituents. The strategy involves buying or selling the index options and simultaneously buying or selling the constituent stocks’ options. This results in a long/short volatility portfolio. Reference provided …

Technical indicators are mathematical calculations based on historic price, volume, or open interest information that aim to forecast future market behavior. In general, technical analysis focuses on trends and patterns in the price of an underlying instrument such as a stock or commodity. We recently discussed a paper that studied …

Many investors use fundamental or technical analysis when making investment decisions, with many only using technical analysis when picking their trades. Many traders use technical indicators to spot potential trading opportunities. Technical indicators are mathematical calculations based on the price, volume, or open interest of an underlying asset. They fall …

Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) is an option pricing model for valuing European options. It was developed in the 1970s by Fisher Black, Myron Scholes, and Robert Merton, of whom two were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1997 for their work. The BSM model has become one of the most …